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Operating System

2008-04-17 19:02:34

Operating System Ⅰ.The Operating System – The Computer’s Traffic Cop Imagine the traffic in a downtown New York City intersection at rush hour, and you'll have a good idea of what it's like inside a computer. Electrons are whizzing around at incredible speeds transported this way and that by the electronic equivalent of a hurried traffic cop. Impatient peripherals and programs are honking electronic "horns", trying to get the cop’s attention. As if the sce..

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Computer Overview

2008-04-17 18:42:24

I. Introduction A computer is an electronic（adj.电子的） device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numeric（adj.数字的） data or by manipulating（vt.操作，使用） other forms of information. The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses through..

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Intranets and extranets

2008-04-17 12:54:40

One common configuration of a LAN is an intranet. Intranet Web servers differ from public Web servers in that the public must have the proper permissions and passwords to access the intranet of an organization. Intranets are designed to permit users who have access privileges to the internal LAN of the organization. Within an intranet, Web servers are installed in the network. Browser technology is used as the common front end to access information on servers such as financ..

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Virtual private network (VPN)

2008-04-17 12:51:19

A vitual private network (VPN) is a private network that is constructed within a public network infrastructure such as the global Internet. Using VPN, a telecommuter can remotely access the network of the company headquarters.
Through the Internet, a secure tunnel can be built between the PC of the telecommuter and a VPN router at the company headquarters. A VPN is a service that offers secure, reliable connectivity over a shar..

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MANs and SANs

2008-04-17 12:40:24

Metropolitan-area networks (MANs) Wireless bridge technologies that send signals across public areas can also be used to create a MAN. A MAN usually consists of two or more LANs in a common geographic area.
For example, a bank with multiple branches may utilize a MAN. Typically, a service provider is used to connect two or more LAN sites using private communication lines or optical services. A MAN can also be created using wireless bridge technolog..

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Wide-area networks (WANs)

2008-04-17 12:31:50

WANs interconnect LANs, which then provide access to computers or file servers in other locations. Because WANs connect user networks over a large geographical area, they make it possible for businesses to communicate across great distances. WANs allow computers, printers, and other devices on a LAN to be shared with distant locations. WANs provide instant communications across large geographic areas. Collaboration software provides access to real..

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Local-eare networks (LANs)

2008-04-17 12:28:20

LANs consist of the following components: Computers Network interface cards Peripheral devices Networking media Network devices LANs allow businesses to locally share computer files and printers efficiently and make internal communications possible. A good example of this technology is e-mail. LANs manage data, local communications, and computing equipment. Some common LAN technologies include the following: Ethernet To..

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Network protocols

2008-04-17 12:23:48

Protocol suites are collections of protocols that enable network communication between hosts. A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules and conventions that govern a particular aspect of how devices on a network communicate. Protocols determine the format, timing, sequencing, and error control in data communication. Without protocols, the computer cannot make or rebuild the stream of incoming bits from another computer into the original format. &nbs..

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Network topology

2008-04-17 12:19:23

Network topology defines the structure of the network. One part of the topology definition is the physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media. The other part is the logical topology, which defines how the hosts access the media to send data. The physical topologies that are commonly used are as follows:
A bus topology uses a single backbone cable that is terminated at both ends. All the hosts connect directly to this backbone. A ring topology conn..

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Networking devices

2008-04-17 12:11:16

Equipment that connects directly to a network segment is referred to as a device. These devices are broken up into two classifications. The first classification is end-user devices. End-user devices include computers, printers, scanners, and other devices that provide services directly to the user. The second classification is network devices. Network devices include all the devices that connect the end-user devices together to allow them to communicate. End-user de..

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Network history

2008-04-17 11:58:01

The history of computer networking is complex. It has involved many people from all over the world over the past 35 years. Presented here is a simplified view of how the Internet evolved. The processes of invention and commercialization are far more complicated, but it is helpful to look at the fundamental development. In the 1940s computers were large electromechanical devices that were prone to failure. In 1947 the invention of a semi..

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Data networks

2008-04-17 11:42:52

    Data networks developed as a result of business applications that were written for microcomputers.
    The microcomputers were not connected so there was no efficient way to share data among them.
    It was not efficient or cost-effective for businesses to use floppy disks to share data. Sneakernet created multiple copies of the data. Each time a file was modified it would have to be shared again with all other people..

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Converting between decimal numbers and 8-bit binary numbers

2008-04-17 11:26:19

1、Convert the decimal number 168 to a binary number: 128 is less than 168 so the left most bit in the binary number is a 1. 168 - 128 = 40. 64 is not less than or equal to 40 so the second bit from the left is a 0. 32 is less than 40 so the third bit from the left is a 1. 40 - 32 = 8. 16 is not less than or equal to 8 so the fourth bit from the left is a 0. 8 is equal to 8 so the fifth bit from the left is a 1. 8 - 8 = 0. Therefore, the bits to the right are all 0. 2、Convert the bina..

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Base 2 number system

2008-04-17 11:11:36

The number system that computers use to recognize and process data, which is binary, or Base 2.
The binary system uses only two symbols, which are 0 and 1. The position of each digit from right to left in a binary number represents the base number 2 raised to a power or exponent. These place values are, from right to left, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27, or 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 respectively. Here is an example: 101102..

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Base 10 number system

2008-04-17 10:46:09

Numbering systems consist of symbols and rules for their use. Base 10 uses the ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. These symbols, can be combined to represent all possible numeric values. The decimal number system is based on powers of 10. Each column position of a value, from right to left, is multiplied by the base number 10 raised to a power, which is the exponent. The power that 10 is raised to depends on it..

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Bits and bytes

2008-04-17 10:42:55

A binary 0 might be represented by 0 volts of electricity. A binary 1 might be represented by +5 volts of electricity. Computers are designed to use groupings of eight bits. This grouping of eight bits is referred to as a byte.
In a computer, one byte represents a single addressable storage location. These storage locations represent a value or single character of data, such as an ASCII code. The..

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Binary presentation of data

2008-04-17 10:39:41

Computers work with and store data using electronic switches that are either ON or OFF. Computers can only understand and use data that is in this two-state or binary format. The 1s and 0s are used to represent the two possible states of an electronic component in a computer. 1 is represented by an ON state, and 0 is represented by an OFF state. They are referred to as binary digits or bits. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCI..

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Web browser and plug-ins

2008-04-17 10:22:37

A Web browser is software that interprets HTML, which is one of the languages used to code Web page content. Some new technologies use other markup languages with more advanced features. HTML, which is the most common markup language, can display graphics or play sound, movies, and other multimedia files. Hyperlinks that are embedded in a Web page provide a quick link to another location on the same page or a different Internet address. Two of the..

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Testing connectivity with ping

2008-04-17 10:15:24

Ping is a basic program that verifies a particular IP address exists and can accept requests. The computer acronym ping stands for Packet Internet or Inter-Network Groper. The name was contrived to match the submariners' term for the sound of a returned sonar pulse from an underwater object. The ping command works by sending special Internet Protocol (IP) packets, called Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request datagrams, to a specifi..

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TCP/IP description and configuration

2008-04-17 10:08:21

TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet ProtocolTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol） is a set of protocols or rules that have been developed to allow computers to share resources across a network. The operating system tools must be used to configure TCP/IP on a workstation. The process is very similar for Windows or Mac operating systems.

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