Network Interface Card
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A NIC, or LAN adapter, provides network communication capabilities to and from a PC.
On desktop computer systems, it is a printed circuit board that resides in a slot on the motherboard and provides an interface connection to the network media.
On laptop computer systems, it is commonly integrated into the laptop or available on a small, credit card-sized PCMCIA card.
PCMCIA stands for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. PCMCIA cards are also known as PC cards. The type of NIC must match the media and protocol used on the local network.
The NIC uses an interrupt request (IRQ), an input/output (I/O) address, and upper memory space to work with the operating system. An IRQ value is an assigned location where the computer can expect a particular device to interrupt it when the device sends the computer signals about its operation. For example, when a printer has finished printing, it sends an interrupt signal to the computer. The signal momentarily interrupts the computer so that it can decide what processing to do next. Since multiple signals to the computer on the same interrupt line might not be understood by the computer, a unique value must be specified for each device and its path to the computer. Prior to Plug-and Play (PnP) devices, users often had to set IRQ values manually, or be aware of them, when adding a new device to a computer.
These considerations are important in the selection of a NIC:
Protocols – Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI
Types of media – Twisted-pair, coaxial, wireless, or fiber-optic
Type of system bus – PCI or ISA
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